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Surplus and Deficit Countries: How Trade Imbalances Drive FX and Fund a Dollar-Fueled Melt-Up

Cross-border accounting (current account = -capital account) means excess savings from surplus countries recycle into US financial assets, driving FX and keeping US valuations elevated; the dollar’s reserve role both enables cheap Treasury funding and structurally strengthens the currency, producing a feedback loop of household borrowing, wage pressure, and asset inflation that sets the stage for a melt-up driven by positioning unwinds and policy shifts.

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